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|birth_place= Russian Empire |death_date= |death_place=Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |death_cause = Cancer, Tumor |known = |nationality=Soviet |ethnicity=〔In 1924, Korolev described himself as an Ukrainian in his application to Kiev Polytechnic Institute, but later consistently described himself as Russian. // 〕 |occupation = Colonel (Red Army) |spouse= Xenia Vincentini Nina Ivanovna Kotenkova〔Harford, p. 25, 94.〕 |children = Natasha |footnotes = }} Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (,〔"Korolëv" is the transliteration used by the Library of ;Congress and adopted by James Harford for his biography (Harford 1997, p. xvi). Korolev's last name is pronounced (:kərʌˈlʲof).〕 (ウクライナ語:Сергі́й Па́влович Корольoв),〔Анкета 4. Для реєстраціі студентів Київського Політехнічного Інституту (ukr.), 1924: http://img.blogs.pravda.com.ua/images/doc/8/4/84b07-1.jpg〕 ''Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov''), also transliterated as Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov; – 14 January 1966) was the lead Soviet rocket engineer and spacecraft designer in the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s. He is considered by many as the father of practical astronautics.〔(energia-zem.ru )〕 Although Korolev was trained as an aircraft designer, his greatest strengths proved to be in design integration, organization and strategic planning. Arrested for alleged mismanagement of funds (he spent the money on unsuccessful experiments with rocket devices), he was imprisoned in 1938 for almost six years, including some months in a Kolyma labour camp. Following his release, he became a recognized rocket designer and a key figure in the development of the Soviet Intercontinental ballistic missile program. He was then appointed to lead the Soviet space program, made Member of Soviet Academy of Sciences, overseeing the early successes of the Sputnik and Vostok projects that include launching Yuri Alexeevich Gagarin into orbit on 12 April 1961, the first human in space. By the time he died unexpectedly in 1966, his plans to compete with the United States to be the first nation to land a man on the Moon had begun to be implemented. Before his death he was often referred to only as "The Chief Designer", because the Soviet leadership feared that the United States would send agents to assassinate him.〔Scott and Leonov, p. 53. Harford, p. 135. "Chief Designer" is a translation of ''Glavny Konstruktor'' (Russian: ''Главный Конструктор'').〕 Only many years later was he publicly acknowledged as the lead man behind Soviet success in space. ==Early life== Korolev was born in Zhytomyr, modern Ukraine (then the capital of Volhynian Governorate, Russian Empire). His father, Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev, was Russian from Mogilev〔http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/korol/001905fe.htm〕 and his mother, Maria Nikolaevna Koroleva (Moskalenko/Bulanina), was born in a wealthy Nezhin merchant family.〔http://astrokras.narod.ru/pub/korolev-1.htm〕 His father had originally moved to Zhytomyr to be a teacher of the Russian language.〔(В Житомире сто лет назад появился на свет Сергей Королев. ФОТО / Культура / Журнал Житомира / Zhitomir City Journal ). Zhzh.info (12 January 2007). Retrieved on 2011-04-30.〕 Three years after his birth the couple separated due to financial difficulties. At the time, Korolev was informed by his mother that his father had died, and only later learned that Pavel had lived until 1929. The two never met after the family break-up, although Pavel later wrote to Maria requesting a meeting with his son. Korolev grew up in Nezhin, under the care of his maternal grandparents Nikolai Yakovlevich Moskalenko who was a trader of the Second Guild and Maria Matveevna Moskalenko (Fursa), a daughter of a local cossack. Korolev's mother also had a sister Anna and two brothers Yuri and Vasily. Maria Koroleva had wanted the higher education, and so she was frequently away attending Women's higher education courses in Kiev. As a child, Korolev was stubborn, persistent, and argumentative. Sergei grew up a lonely child with few friends, this was largely due to the fact of his smaller stature and favoritism with teachers. The subject of jealousy from his peers, Korolev proved to be quite the student excelling in maths and other subjects. He also began to read at an early age. As stated in an interview, the torment of other kids bullying and teasing him later fueled him as he continued with his work as he proved a good student,〔Harford, James. Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon. New York: Wiley, 1999. Print.〕 especially in mathematics. In 1915 his mother got divorced and in 1916 married Grigory Mikhailovich Balanin, an electrical engineer with a German education, attending the Kiev Polytechnic university because of the non-recognition of German engineering diplomas in Russia. Grigory proved a good influence on the child. Grigory moved the family to Odessa in 1917, after getting a job with the regional railway. The year 1918 was tumultuous in Russia, with the close of World War I and the ongoing Russian Revolution. The internecine struggles continued until the Bolsheviks assumed unchallenged power in 1920. During this period the local schools were closed and young Korolev had to continue his studies at home. In 1919 there were severe food shortages, and Korolev suffered from a bout of typhus. Even after this the family suffered through hard times, as did much of the remainder of the nation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sergei Korolev」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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